src/Language/Chinese/Pinyin.hs

   1 -- | Taubert, S. (2025). pinyin-to-ipa (Version 1.0.0) [Computer software]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15229718
   2 module Language.Chinese.Pinyin where
   3
   4 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as Map
   5
   6 import Worksheets.Utils.Prelude
   7
   8 initialMapping :: Map ShortText [ShortText]
   9 initialMapping =
  10   [ "b" := ["p"]
  11   , "c" := ["tsʰ"] -- tsʰ
  12   , "ch" := ["ʈʂʰ"] -- tʂʰ
  13   , "d" := ["t"]
  14   , "f" := ["f"]
  15   , "g" := ["k"]
  16   , "h" := ["x", "h"]
  17   , "j" := ["tɕ"]
  18   , "k" := ["kʰ"]
  19   , "l" := ["l"]
  20   , "m" := ["m"]
  21   , "n" := ["n"]
  22   , "p" := ["pʰ"]
  23   , "q" := ["tɕʰ"]
  24   , "r" := ["ɻ", "ʐ"]
  25   , "s" := ["s"]
  26   , "sh" := ["ʂ"]
  27   , "t" := ["tʰ"]
  28   , "x" := ["ɕ"]
  29   , "z" := ["ts"]
  30   , "zh" := ["ʈʂ"] -- tʂ
  31   -- w and y only occur in non-strict initials
  32   -- "w" := ["w"]
  33   -- "y" := ["j",), ("ɥ"]
  34   ]
  35     & mapFromListCheckingDuplicates
  36
  37 initials = initialMapping & Map.keys
  38
  39 -- | Note: Syllabic consonants may also arise as a result of weak syllable reduction.
  40 -- Syllabic nasal consonants are also heard in certain interjections;
  41 -- pronunciations of such words include [m], [n], [ŋ], [hm], [hŋ].
  42 syllabicConsonantMappings :: Map ShortText [ShortText]
  43 syllabicConsonantMappings =
  44   [ "hm" := ["h", "m0"]
  45   , "hng" := ["h", "ŋ0"]
  46   , "m" := ["m0"]
  47   , "n" := ["n0"]
  48   , "ng" := ["ŋ0"]
  49   ]
  50     & mapFromListCheckingDuplicates
  51
  52 syllabicConsonants = syllabicConsonantMappings & Map.keys